Jewish Conversion Essay Samples - Make a Good Decision by Choosing the Best One

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In what ways is the concept of gender useful in the study of ancient history Free Essays

In antiquity gender was a defining feature of life, we can note that it affected the way society was structured, specifically in the Athenian ‘polis’, as well as public events, such as those associated with religious cults. Gender was also influential in politics, especially that of the Romans. Moreover, it is through gender that we can observe the general ancient view towards women, found throughout numerous literary sources and archaeological remains. We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways is the concept of gender useful in the study of ancient history? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, there is a strong link between gender and the Athenian ‘polis’, which was commonly considered to be ‘male dominated’. 1 From an early age male and female youths were polarised, so that males were educated professionally, with a strong emphasis on completing sports at the ‘palaestrai’ and ‘gymnasia’, then they were sent away to complete their military service. In contrast, women were denied no more than basic schooling. However they were introduced into society through religious cults. It is through education that the classical Athenians erected a prominent division between the sexes, in order to prepare the youths for their roles in later life-men for leadership in state and military affairs, women for more subordinate roles. For example, archaeological evidence suggests that young men were groomed for prominent positions in the state, that is, pitchers have been found that illustrate boys celebrating the festival, ‘Anthesterion’, ‘the flower month’, by sampling wine and participating in crawling races. The former would have been a simplistic pre-taster for male youths of a ‘symposium’, philosophical sessions intertwined with heavy drinking periods, exclusively for male citizens. The playwrights Plato and Aristophanes recognised their importance in the ‘polis’, as it was for affluent male citizens. In Aristophanic comedies he frequently alludes to scenes of inebriation and obscenity mixed with intervals of learned opinions. The latter would have prepared the youths for athletic competitions. Keuls’ suggests that it is through these activities young boys were instilled, ‘with the norms of competitiveness and male privilege’. 2 In comparison, Greek women were initiated into society through religious roles, specifically those associated with chastity, labour and submission. The cult of Athena was particularly important, in which a robe known as a ‘peplos’ was dedicated to the goddess that had been especially woven for the occasion. It was then presented to her either by two or four noble girls, known as ‘arrhephoroi’, ‘bearers of sacred objects’. Scenes from this cult can be found on sections of the Parthenon frieze (440BC-432BC), detailing events such as the folding of the ‘peplos’ by the ‘Archon Basileus’, chief magistrate, helped by a young child. This was a significant affair because the cult of Athena portrayed the characteristics sought desirable in each sex. That is, she represented the ‘male patriarchal ethos’,3 through a wild war dance, the ‘pyrrhic dance’, which was performed by armed dancers. This highlights, through the festival that males were associated with war and had a responsibility to protect the ‘polis’. On the other hand, Athena also represented the female ethos, by emphasising the necessity of hard work and chastity through the tasks of spinning and weaving, which were given prestigious status’, through the ritual of the ‘peplos’. Athenian women were associated with passive tasks, illustrating their subordination to men within the ‘polis’. It is also significant that religious festivals structured the female hierarchy. We have already noted that it was only noble girls who could become ‘arrhephoroi’, whereas in other cults, such as that of Artemis at Brauron, all girls could participate in the rituals. Just as the female hierarchy needed cult festivals to differentiate between the varying classes, the male hierarchy was determined by society-the ‘polis’ and the military. For example, Xenophon, in the ‘Anabasis’, highlights the importance and influence of the head of the army, the ‘hegemon’, compared to less important positions in the military. That is, when a ‘manteis’, a divine interpreter, attempts to slander Xenophon-in this case he is acting as the ‘hegemon’-by suggesting that he would have founded a new city without consulting his troops, Xenophon retorts: ‘Silanus gave me his answer on the most important point, namely, that the appearance of the victim was propitious. He had to since he was aware that I myself, because of always being present at sacrifices had some experience in these matters. ‘ 4 This illustrates, in general, that in warfare, sacrifices were undertaken or overseen by those in commanding positions, such as the ‘hegemon’, because they influenced the state. Those in less significant positions in the military had a minimal influence in the running of the state. Thus, highlighting that the military and state were active influences in determining the male hierarchy. So far, we can note that education and cult festivals were influenced by gender, illustrating the importance of studying it in ancient history, as it gives us a fuller picture of ancient Greek society. Furthermore, the perception of the sexes can be seen to vary vastly, Xenophon highlights this in his ‘Oikonomikos’, when he determines that men were built for war because their bodies could endure toil and hardship, whereas women were made for domestic work. 5 Another ancient scholar, Ischomachos, comments that the nature of men and women’s mind also differ, as women are considered to be more susceptible to emotions and show a lack of restraint. Physical and psychological features influenced ancient Greek scholars into stereotyping the sexes and thus explaining why each gender sought different roles in society. In consideration to the cult of Athena, we can note that the study of mythology is also relevant to the concept of gender and its effects on society. That is, the ‘Panathenaic’ procession was based on the myth of the origin of Ericthonius, who was associated with Athens. Hephaistos spilt semen on Athena’s lap, which she wiped off with some wool, but consequently Ericthonius was born. The child was then given to Cecrops’ daughters, but two of them, Herse and Aglauros, looked at the baby, despite Athena’s warning that they should not. This myth emphasises the importance of women as child bearers and nurturers in society. The relevance of the wool can be associated with textile making, an occupation that was encouraged in young women. Likewise the cult of Artemis illustrated to women the importance of chastity, as the myth behind her cult warns them that promiscuity is an undesirable and unacceptable value. Artemis punishes her nymph, Kallisto, who had been raped by Zeus, by changing her into a bear, who is consequently hunted and killed by her own son. The Greeks used the myths as moral paradigms, warning women against unacceptable behaviour in the ‘polis’. Furthermore, Artemis was also concerned with childbirth, as clothes were dedicated to her at Brauron. Keuls’ comments that this cult, ‘may have been the most effective way of instilling in females the ethos that male society required of them. ‘ 6 In comparison, if the cult of Artemis and Athena portrayed ideal female virtues that were affable for their role in the ‘polis’, then the cult of Theseus represented ideal virtues for the Athenian male citizen. He was the archetypal male hero, as he saved Athens and slaughtered the Minotaur. In a social context, he had protected the ‘polis’ and by militant means had killed a foreign being that threatened the well being of the state-actions that were expected of all male Athenians. Funerals were also a very significant event within the ‘polis’ and the concept of gender greatly influenced its organisation. Women played a vital role in the ‘prothesis’, the procession preceding the actual funeral, when the body was placed on a bier and was surrounded by mourners. It was the role of the women to lament- the more intense they seemed, the more honoured the dead appeared. Firstly, in connection with lamentation, we can note that women played an integral role in this procession, as they allowed men to keep up an austere appearance. This allowed the males to protect their masculine front, as they could refrain form outwardly expressing their grief. We have already observed, from ancient scholars, such as Xenophon, that only certain characteristics were deemed acceptable for men. Plaques and funeral vases illustrate the different roles performed during the ‘prothesis’ by men and women. For example, a funeral pot of the late geometric period depicts men in processions of armed warriors or on horseback. 7 It is notable that they remain untearful, when compared to the numerous figurines of women in lamentable positions. The men honour the dead by highlighting the prestige of dying whilst in battle. Two ideals of mourning were set up to protect the social structure-women lament due to their lack of restraint of their emotions, emphasising their fragile characters, deeming them unfit for leadership. Whereas, men retain their dignity through their restraint and their passive role in the ‘prothesis’. Furthermore, funerals allowed aristocratic families to present their rank and power in society. Therefore, the lamentation was a reflection of the family’s status. Hans Van Wees states that, ‘tears were a sign of respect to the dead†¦ ears of women played a part in the power struggle of men. ‘ 8 This illustrates that women had a significant role in the society of men, but one that was manipulated to benefit the running of the state. Moreover, the emotions of the women became so severe, as they behaved as a medium, that Solon had to institute legislations to curtail their display, as women had resorted to lacerating their arms and other forms of self-mutilation. The concept of gender is also very noteworthy in ancient literature, as men and women were perceived very differently in comparison to their perception in the ‘polis’. For example, during the Homeric era, it was not uncommon to observe heroes crying, a characteristic that would later be associated with the ‘fairer sex’. We first see Odysseus on Calypso’s island, weeping in despair to return home to Ithaca. 9 Likewise, Homer frequently alludes to Odysseus’s wife, Penelope, crying. For instance, we observe her crying for her lost husband when she retrieves his bow for the suitors’ competition. 10 Both of the genders display similar characteristics, which Homer’s audience obviously found acceptable in men. This emphasises that the gap between the genders widened with the progression of society and the founding of the structure of the ‘polis’. A further example that illustrates this point can come from the medium of tragedy, as the perception of male literary figures had conformed to the opinions of the ‘polis’. That is, male characters are portrayed as more restrained towards their emotions, in Aeschylus’ ‘Agamemnon’, the male king shows a considerable deal of restraint when Clytaemnestra offers him the sacred carpets to walk on. He states: ‘This-you treat me like a woman†¦ ive me the tributes of a man†¦ ’11 Agamemnon displays his lack of excitement towards the frivolity of walking on ‘nice’ tapestries that obviously would have appealed to a woman’s nature. In the Homeric era, heroes appreciated niceties-Odysseus is bathed in perfume when he gets to Phaecia, there are constant allusions to Paris preening and primping himself and we are frequently reminded of his good looks. This illustrates the progression of the male status from the Heroic age to classical Athens. Briefly, we can note that Homeric heroes took an active grieving role in funerals. Achilles pours grimy dust on his face and beasts his breast, accompanied by his handmaidens; then Homer states that: ‘Antilochus mourned with him, letting the tears fall†¦ ’12 Furthermore, this reiterates the different characteristics found in the male persona of the heroic age, rather than the age of the ‘polis’. However, we should also observe that the Homeric heroes were not completely without restraint, they just depicted less moderation than would have been acceptable for later Greeks. For example, the Trojans are commanded not to weep whilst collecting their dead bodies from the battlefield, which they do. They show a determined self-control, perhaps not as noted in the Homeric women, such as Odysseus’ wife, Penelope. Furthermore, it is also through tragedy that we can note the progression of the perception of ancient women. In reference to Aeschylus’ ‘Agamemnon’, it has been observed that Clytaemnestra is portrayed with masculine attributes, as it is she who plots and kills her husband, with an axe in the bath. Her lover, Aegisthus, states to the chorus: ‘The treachery was the woman’s work, clearly. ’13 In the prologue, the watchman comments: ‘That woman -she manoeuvres like a man. ’14 Firstly, Clytaemnestra has overstepped the divide that marked the different statuses of men and women in the ‘polis’, on account of her masculine behaviour. Aeschylus, through tragedy, has illustrated that if women are not supervised within society, the social structure will collapse, as they are lead by their emotions. This would have highlighted the importance of the ‘kyrios’, who acted as a guardian to Athenian women, to keep them in check within the ‘polis’. Moreover, this illustrates the common perception of women, as tragic heroines are often perceived as being manipulative, treacherous and unfaithful. This is emphasised by the character of Clytaemnestra, as well as Electra, who later persuades her brother, Orestes, to kill their mother, in Aeschylus’ ‘Eumenides’ and Euripides ‘Electra’. These characteristics illustrate that women are unworthy to lead the state, and highlights the insistence that they remain inferior to men within the social structure, maintaining their role in family matters. In Aristophanic comedies, such as ‘Lysistrata’, women were also depicted as being drunkards and sex fiends, qualities that were associated with slaves. This is noteworthy, as slaves were considered not to be wholly free and without possessing any rights within the ‘polis’, such as voting. Furthermore, slaves and women were also both low down in the social structure. Aristotle in his ‘Politics’, stated that women were, ‘slaves by nature’. This demonstrates the lack of freedom that women possessed, highlighting their seclusion within classical Athens. The majority of the time, women were physically kept within the home-apart from when they participated in particular public events-to keep them subordinate, in a social context. Furthermore, according to Solon15, if a woman was in the company of men all the time, she would not want to get married. Thus she would be defying her role as a life giver and producer of heirs, and so she would be disrupting her status within the ‘polis’. In contrast, in the heroic age of Homer, women were given a considerable amount of freedom, for example, we see Helen with Priam, on the walls of Troy, pointing out to all the different Greek warriors. Moreover, Penelope, in the Odyssey, acts as the hostess at the banquet of the suitors, totally surrounded by men. We can see that the seclusion of women became more intense with the founding of the ‘polis’, which brought along a greater need to categorise the genders. The concept of gender is also very significant when studying the politics of ancient Rome. Roman historians of the imperial era have recorded the great influence of women on particular male emperors. For example, the historian, Tacitus, in his ‘Annals’, records the influence of Nero’s mother, Agrippina the Younger, on his political career. It is she who initiates the poisoning of her husband, Claudius, and his son, Britannicus, so that Nero can usurp the power of the empire. Roman coins depict her bust, alongside that of her son’s, displaying that she is ruling with him. It is significant that her role becomes less influential as Nero grows up and adopts more power. This is again illustrated through the medium of the coins, as we can note the gradual removal of her image from the obverse of the coins. The influence of his mother was so strong that he could only be freed from it, by attempting to murder her, through a collapsing boat. Thus, this demonstrates that imperial women dominated their male associates and played a leading role within in the running of the state. However, we should note that they still remained in the background, ruling behind their male relatives, as Rome was a male dominated state. Clark suggests that, ‘women might, then, have considerable influence and interests outside their home and families, but they were acting from within their families to affect a social system managed by men: their influence was not to be publicly acknowledged. ’16 However, it has also been recorded that other imperial women had infiltrated the very male event of patronage. Octavia had acted or had interceded with male relatives as a patron, also, Messalina and Agrippina the Younger, were the patrons of Claudius’ freedmen, such as Narcissus. This highlights the prestigious role of women in the empire. It is also significant that they were involved in particular public affairs, demonstrating that the social structure of Rome was gradually changing form being solely a male establishment, to a state outwardly influenced by both genders. Furthermore, Dio records that the senate honoured Livia with an arch as she had helped many senatorial children in times of need. 7 Likewise, the public recognition of Livia’s role in the running of the state was acknowledged by the senate. However, it is important to note that the prominent role of women during the imperial period was not considerably favoured by all. Fischler comments that many men considered ‘a good emperor to have had wives and mothers that he could control and who never overstepped the boundaries set by convention’. 18 For example, Tiberius refused honours for his mother, Livia, because he did not want to seem to be influenced by her actions. Women may have been more prominent in the political sphere but it was not fully approved by the public opinion, which was aired by the majority of men. The significant role of women was fully acknowledged by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who recognised the importance of women as figures of a new political regime. They represented the move from the Republican era to the Imperial era, as they were significant members of his dynasty. Fischler goes onto observe that ‘women were symbols of the imperial order. ’19 The society of the Republic was less tolerant of the presence of women in the public eye. They had few rights within the state, such as, they were not allowed to vote or, as Valerius Maximus records, appear or act in courts20 and were generally under the ‘potestas of the ‘paterfamilias’. However, unlike the Greek ‘polis’ women were not secluded from society, as they were allowed to own property and divorce their husbands. There were two types of marriage- that of ‘cum manu’, in which the woman remained under her father’s rule, as he even had the power to end her marriage; or that of ‘sine manu’, in which women were allowed to own their own property an divorce their husbands. The former type of marriage was common in the early Republic and the latter, in the late Republic. This illustrates the progression of women’s freedom in society and their further prominence in the public eye. The perception of gender and the way it affected the structure of society can be noted in forms of literature, such as satire. For example, Juvenal, who was writing either under the emperor, Trajan or Domitian, perceives the progression of women in the public sphere as a bad thing. That is, women had transgressed the divide between the genders, as they had adopted masculine roles in society, such as acting in political matters, demonstrated in Tacitus’ portrayal of Agrippina. Furthermore Juvenal goes onto condemn the public sexuality of women and the growing effeminacy of men. In a social context. He highlights the breakdown of the social structure of the Roman society, that is, he considers the sexes to have changed roles and transgressed their divisions, which had given certain roles to men and to women in order to structure society. For example, he describes the ‘whore empress’ coming home from the brothel to the Imperial palace. 21 Furthermore, his female persona attacks males for preferring homosexuality and states that overseas people are laughing at their effeminacy. 22 In contrast, he frequently extols the old virtues of chastity in women and praises the good old days, when men worked in fields and completed other masculine tasks23. Thus highlighting the change of roles in gender, on account of a changing society. In conclusion, we can argue that the concept of gender is extremely important when studying ancient history, as it played a significant role in defining the structure of society. The progression of society, both Greek and Roman, can also be marked by the changing perceptions of each gender, found in abundant literary sources and archaeological material. These sources of evidence make it possible to study gender, however we should also take into account, when using literature as evidence, some external influences. For example, when consulting tragedy or comedy. For the perception of Greek women, we should note that the playwrights exaggerated the characteristics of figures, for dramatic effects. That is to say, in the ‘polis’, not all Greek women were alcoholics with a sex addiction, as portrayed in Aristophanic comedies. Likewise, from Juvenal’s satires we cannot assume that all Roman women were promiscuous, due to the degeneration of their social structure. The ancient writers were assuming the ‘worst-case-scenarios’, highlighting what would happen without a social structure in society. However, there is truth behind these pieces of literature, as the authors had to base their work on realism, so that their audiences could relate to their work. Furthermore, we should take into consideration the genre that the author was writing for, for example, Tacitus was considered to be a ‘silver age’ writer, thus his writing would have portrayed characteristics of that type. Thus, his work is macabre and sombre; therefore his portrayals of his characters would reflect that style. Likewise, archaeological evidence should be considered with care, as depictions on pots and vases are left to our own personal interpretation. How to cite In what ways is the concept of gender useful in the study of ancient history?, Papers

Organizational Behavior Stress Management And Participative Managemen

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviorfor Stress Management and Participative Management. Answer: Introduction In this study we will learn about the importance of organization behavior. Orgnaistaion behavior is a study specifically for the behavior of groups and the individuals working in the organization. It helps to manage the overall performance of the workforce and human asset and also take scare for the working environment of a company. In this report, we will conduct an analysis on the Emirates Airlines, UAE. We will understand the human behavior of this organization. An analysis is conducted on the impact of organizational behavior on the structure, culture, leadership, performance, etc. As we know that the tourism and travel industry is the fastest growing industry of the entire world. The world has become a competitive business where the need of effective management is required by the organization. The tourism industry has become a leisure, business purpose, recreation, etc. for the people. Airline industry plays an important role in the travel and tourism industry. Emirates Airlines is one of the most prominent hospitality and tourism industry. Overview of the Company Emirates airlines are the subsidiary of Emirate group and it is one of the major airlines in the Middle East. The story of Emirates Airlines is a very crucial they initiated their air business with only two aircrafts; Boeing 737 and airbus 300 B4. The first route of Emirates Airlines was to Dubai on 25th October 1985. If we talk about now than it has more than 137 aircrafts, it flies over to almost 100 places in 60 countries of the world (Emirates.com, 2016). Emirates Airlines depart 700 flights and aircraft from Dubai every week to their fixed destinations covering 6 continents of the world. Emirates airlines are growing on a very fast scale covering new destinations, continents, countries, states, etc. The annual profit of emirate airlines is never show a downfall. Instead it is increase by 20% every year. There is a yearly expansion of Emirates Airlines industry. Recently, they have launched a website of Emirates Airlines that helps clients in activities related to booking of tickets, cargo solutions, etc. It not only carries approximately 21.2 million passengers but also 1.3 million tons of cargo which is a sign that the emirates group is considered in a fastest growing airline of the airline world (The emirates group, 2016). Profile of the Interviewee Ali Mubarak Al Soori is the senior vice president, chairmans office, facilities/ Project management and P L of Emirates Airlines. It is found that Ali Mubarak Al Soori is with emirates since it was first operated out a humble headquarters in the desert area. He is a key figure in the building of diverse network of emirates in the state building of art that has now changed into emirates Group Empire. Mr. Ali Mubarak Al Soori is looking the construction of many buildings of the emirates group that has multibillion dollar portfolio of property. He also oversaw the emirates crew training centers, 7he seven sports complex, emirates group headquarters, etc. (The emirates group, 2016). He is the responsible authority who looks towards all the projects are completed on the time or not. He also maintains budget and financial transactions of Emirate group. He undertook feasibility study, approvement of budget, timeframes, appointment of top consultants and specialist, negotiation of contracts, etc. He is one of the important human resources of Emirate groups. He had joined Emirates group as a manager at the chairmans office. He rose from there though the ranks, appreciation and promotion, etc. to become Senior Vice President, Chairmans Office facilities management in the year 2003. In 2008, he was prompted to the current position after spending almost 2 years for the position of divisional manager vice president- chairmans office, facilities/ project management and non- aircraft purchasing logistics (Richard, 2000). Managing a Diverse Workforce In order to achieve a cultural diverse workplace, there is a need to manage the organisation. It helps to bring effectiveness in the working of people who belong to different communities and diversities. Todays, global market managers are smart enough to manage such things in the organizations. If we talk about Emirates Airlines, than we come to know that the management system of this company is very significant and effective. They adopt diversity process to enhance the productivity and performance of their employees (Kellough, Naff, 2004). Emirates Airlines diversity belongs to the workforce who are form different part of the world. Their diversity is over 160 nationalities that are bind with a unique strength. They are motivated in a single direction and treated as on the same level. They belong to a company that is a global organization and the employees belong to different countries, communities, continents, cultures, religions, ethnic back grounds, etc. The diversity helps Emirates Airlines to bring new and innovative ideas in the organization. The decisions making and thinking style of different people is very effective for Emirates Airlines (Klarsfeld, et.al. 2014). There are three major points that must be considered as important to manage the diversity in Emirates Airlines- Equally opportunity- Every big or small organization has to provide equal opportunity to its workforce. It refers to a situation where each employee is treated in same way. In Emirates Airlines, they treat their employees equally and fairly. As the employees are treated well, in return, employees also respect the top management and provide good services and performance. Emirates Airlines treat their men and women employees in an equal way. Recruitment: This Company recruits from a diversified workforce. They give equal opportunities to both men and women. The criterion of recruitment takes place in accordance with the talent, skills and knowledge of the employees. They just recruit suitable candidates. Communication: As we know that language plays a vital role. Emirates Airlines is a company where there are hundred types of diversity are merger at a place, language and communication is become a major problem. Many companies have their interpreters but it creates confusion. Emirates Airlines has an international language that is English. All the communication takes place in using English. Stress Management Stress management refers to the management of level of stress and conflicts at the workplace especially the chronic stress that takes place in an organization. It helps in the improvement of performance and working styles of the employees. Stress management takes place through suing wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies (Truth about Emirates Airlines management, 2016). Emirates airlines are very effective in the management of stress as they know that stress creates mental symptoms and depression. They use transactional methods to manage the stress in the organization (Barlow, 2007). They measure the stress level in their organization and try to curb it on time. Stress can be created due to many reasons. They can be personal or professional. Stress management can be created due to many reasons. They can be either professional or personal reasons. It is advisable that employees should neglect the personal issues and should concentrate on work. The stress cannot affect the performance of the employees as it is harmful for both the parties. It can be due to high workloads, deadlines to do wok that are impractical in nature, pressure from the top management and managers, insufficient workloads, attitude of colleagues, etc. There can be some other reasons due to which stress is created (Lonner, 2007). Stress management is a way to monitor and modify the performance of the employees and to ensure that the work is done on time or not. It also provides a confirmation regarding the achievement of goals and objectives of the company in the most effective and efficient manner. Emirates airlines take effective measures to correct and control the stress present in the mind of employees by using techniques of stress management. Stress management is not only selected in accordance with the culture of the business but also the type of environment of the workforce present in the organization. It is done by the leaders of emirates airlines. Their effective leadership styles help the employees in removal of stress and to create effective management of the same (Albert, Ashforth, Dutton, 2000). Interview Summary In the interview, certain questions will be asked related to the management of stress and diversity. The interview and it questions is designed in a way that they can provide all the relevant data regarding the employment policies, turnover rate of emirate airlines, management of diversified workforce of the organization, the procedure and methods used by the company to manage the stress and different type of diversity people in their organization. Analysis/Conclusion It is recommended that Emirates Airlines need to employer the employees of its organization to increase the profit levels and to get a competitive position in the competitors of airlines. To achieve the satisfaction level of the employees, the company should choose good leadership styles, training to the employees, exposure of workforce to new platforms, professional trainings, motivational strategies, etc. It has a good strategic management team that give significance to the diversity of the stakeholders, customers, debtors, competitors, etc. the diversification management team of Emirates Airlines is very effective. They provide excellent services and products to their customers and clients. The staff of this company remains enthusiastic and motivated and gives their maximum to the company. At last we can conclude that organizational management and its management is very important for all the companies whether it is small or big. The strategic management in the organization and str ess handling is playing a vital role in order to enhance the effectiveness of the employees performance. However, the motivational theories and stress management team of Emirates Airlines is very prominent and play significant role. References Albert, S., Ashforth, B. E., Dutton, J. E. (2000). Organizational identity and identification: Charting new waters and building new bridges. Academy of management Review, 25(1), 13-17. Barlow, D. H. (2007). Principles and practice of stress management. P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, W. E. Sime (Eds.). Guilford Press. Emirates.com, (2016). Emirates, [Online], and Accessed on: 15 November 2016, Available at: https://www.emirates.com/in/English/ Kellough, J. E., Naff, K. C. (2004). Responding to a wake-up call An examination of federal agency diversity management programs. Administration society, 36(1), 62-90. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L. A., Ng, E., Roper, I., Tatli, A. (Eds.). (2014). 9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lonner, W. J. (2007). Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. P. T. Wong, L. C. Wong (Eds.). Springer Science Business Media. Richard, O. C. (2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of management journal, 43(2), 164-177. Sonnentag, S. (Ed.). (2003). Psychological management of individual performance. John Wiley Sons. The emirates group, (2016). Ali Mubarak Al Soori, [Online], and Accessed on: 15 November 2016, Available at: https://www.theemiratesgroup.com/english/our-company/leadership/ali-mubarak-al-soori.aspx The emirates group, (2016). Gary Chapman, [Online], and Accessed on: 15 November 2016, Available at: https://www.theemiratesgroup.com/english/our-company/leadership/gary-chapman.aspx Truth about Emirates Airlines management, (2016), Not so glamorous Emirates Airline Lifestyle, [Online], and Accessed on: 15 November 2016, Available at: https://donotflyemirates.wordpress.com/ Truth about Emirates Airlines management, (2016), tag archives: turnover, [Online], and Accessed on: 15 November 2016, Available at: https://donotflyemirates.wordpress.com/tag/turnover/

The United States Of America Is A Machine. It Needs Fuel To Start, Yet

The United States of America is a machine. It needs fuel to start, yet once it does, it can support the people of the United States and people all over the world. The United States supports its territories by using the land as food supply and military outposts. In turn U.S. territories receive money to support their nearly independent governments and military protection provided by the U.S. The U.S. has been an immense help in all of its territories. The Northern Mariana Islands, Virgin Islands, Corregidor, Line Islands, Midway Islands, Rawaki and Wake Islands have benefited greatly from U.S. presence. On most of these islands, military bases were set up to protect the islanders and provide half-way points between other countries and the United States. This helped the local peoples and the people of the United States. Also, on some of these islands, the U.S. set up farming projects to supply the mainland with food and enable money to arrive on the island. The United State's presence on these territories saw little controversy and was welcomed by the locals. In Cuba, Nicaragua and the Philippines the U.S. also provided great help for the people, yet local extremists wanted to end all U.S. intervention. The views of these extremists did not reflect the views of the population of the island. I have a message for these extremists, these desperadoes. (I snap, turn on the CD) Nicaragua decided the best way of getting attention for their cause was by killing innocent Americans. This is why their government is an outcast in their own land. Killings innocents is no way to run a country and is why America can't let the government of Nicaragua run itself. The United States was a great provider in the Philippines. Yesterday the Philippines stated "The U.S. gave us many things we otherwise couldn't have, yet were racists." We were called racists by the Philippines yet no proof was given for this accusation. I am appalled that a country that the United States provided so much for would say such a lie. Cuba is a even better example of why some governments shouldn't be allowed to rule. Cuba was under Spanish control and being oppressed. Cuba revolted and the U.S. government intervened on behalf of Cuba. This lead to the Spanish-American War. Eventually, Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba to the Americans. Cuba was officially property of America at this time. American felt it would be in the best interest of the Cuban people if Cuba was run by a separate government from the United States, yet still followed U.S. legislation. While under U.S. control yellow fever, was eradicated and the economy was tripled. When Cuba violently took control, they took many loans that they couldn't pay back and robbed money form their people. The United States stepped in and peace was restored. Many small nations can't survive by themselves. The United States has a policy that if a territory wants to become part of the United States, all that must take place is a simple vote. If a U.S. territory doesn't want to be involved with the United States, we will leave if it is in the best interest of the people in that country. To end I'd like to give a perfect example of how the entire world blames its problems on the United States. Lebanon stated that since the United States to enter their war, the people of the United States were idiots. First of all the United States has a policy of remaining neutral and secondly the only idiot is a person who cannot tell who they are fighting a war against.

Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Example

Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Example Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Essay Topic: Literature Imagine that you are the director of Request Stop ; think of two different interpretations, and give advice to the actress as to how to play the main role. Request Stop is a short sketch written by Harold Pinter, a political poet, author, and playwright. This particular piece was written in 1953. A typical bus queue of the period would have been much the same as today, quiet and fairly antisocial, with people hiding behind broadsheets and magazines. The modern bus queue is boring. Nobody talks, except maybe for friends who are waiting, and everybody seems to not want to be there. The woman at the bus stop is somewhat of a mystery. There are a great many things that she could be. She could be an entertainer, livening up a bus queue by talking to everyone and anyone (even though she talks to one man, the whole queue is hearing her). She seems fun, lively, and talkative with her confident outbursts and taking offence at the smallest thing, then making a scene about it. Taking the idea that she is an entertainer, how would be advise the actress as to how to play the role? Since our idea is that she is a street entertainer, her clothing could be colourful, even clown-like. Lots of bright colours could be used, and maybe make up, to create the effect of a clown. Her appearance would certainly be well kept, with ironed, clean clothes and clean hair, unless she wears a wig. The props she carries would depend on why she is there. There are a number of possibilities, including a television feature on why bus queues are so boring, or why people are so arrogant in general, using a bus queue as a living example. In this case, her props may include a microphone, or a cameraman. Another possibility for her presence is that this is an entertainment for charity, in which case she would be carrying a tub or collection box for donations. The actress would have to play with a lot of confidence even from the text it seems as if the character has a lot of energy about her, and the attitude given off is that she is in control of the situation. She knows how the people are going to respond, and it seems as if she has done this before, All Ive got to do, is report you, and youd be standing in the dock in no time. One of my best friends is a plain clothes detective. In her speech, the actress would have to use a comical method of speaking. Changing tones of voice would be good, and perhaps she could stretch out certain words, Who DO you think YOU are? Her speech would be fast paced, and the pauses would be brief, so as not to interrupt her momentum. Her tone of voice and the manner in which she speaks would be supercilious, that is to say, she would be superior, above everything. She would make the characters repetition more evident, Huh, I know your sort, and Theyre putting your sort inside every day of the week. Even h er props could be more comical, she could have a broadsheet like the others, and a few shopping bags, for emulation. The second possibility for the character of the woman, is that she is a sad character, and this is a tragic sketch. The title of the play fits in with this (Request stop, beggars request, or beg, for things. ), it may have a double meaning. The woman could be requesting a number of things. Money, gifts, possibly conversation or friendship. The entire plays structure is based upon a request, then a pause, I beg your pardon, what did you say? Pause, and Who do you think you are? Pause. She talks more after each pause, with the height of her tirade reaching eight lines. The people ignoring her aggravating and antagonistic behaviour seem to suggest that she is socially alienated. This point is lent credence by the fact that, whilst her character is called Woman, another female character is referred to as Lady (it is important to note that the woman also refers to her as lady. ). Since she is being ignored, she seems to create a two way conversation where perhaps one doesnt exist, Ask a man a civil question The people on the bus queue also seem desperate to escape her. The lady pays a lot more for a taxi to escape the attentions of the woman when she is asked to be a witness, much to the womans annoyance, We know what sort she is. and at the end of the sketch, everyone in the queue runs after a passing bus, leaving the woman at the bus stop. This could be a Biblical reference (Jesus teaching on the Good Samaritan), she is obviously in need of help, yet people want nothing to do with her and run off, or escape her in other ways, because they dont want to know. Maybe she is not the troublemaker she first appears to be. Her continued harassment of the queue could be, rather than just a chance to annoy, a silent plea for help. With regards to acting out the play, the only character that needs to speak is actually the woman. The man could be making insinuations by ignoring her, and the others do the same by running away at the end. True, she is irritating, but you have to look past the fai ade of her annoyance. As for giving advice to the actress with regards on how to play the character, there are, again, a number of possibilities. She could be homeless, in which case she would wear ragged clothes, with tears and dirt on them. Her face would seem haggard and worn, and her hair would be wiry, unkempt, and dirty the stereotypical homeless person, living on the streets. Her belongings could be in a shopping trolley, or some carrier bags nearby. Also, she could be mentally ill, or alcoholic. Props in this case could include a bottle, which she swigs from occasionally. The people at the bus stop would have to seem embarrassed by her presence, as real people are. The actress would have to create the diction for the lady. Possible suggestions would be a regional accent, maybe Geordie or Scouser. Her tone would be insulting or insulted, or both possibly. Her clothes would be a complete contrast to those of the clown character. She could be wearing all black, to show she is depressed. If she is a tramp then layers of torn clothing would be appropriate. Her energy would come in bouts she could be loud one minute, and quiet the next. Also her mood would change from one emotional extreme to the next, if she is an alcoholic or a mentally ill person. She could be placid at the beginning, then infuriated at the next sentence, then back to passive again later. She does not seem to be in control of herself, or the environment around her. This could be shown by the actress playing with her hair, or pulling sleeves on her shirt. Her running back to the front of the line near the end seems to be her attempt to insert assertiveness into her life, which suggests she leads a lacklustre life. The actress could bring this out. In conclusion, I would probably direct the actress and advise her to play the Sad/Tragic aspect of the character. It seems to fit the piece better, and leaves a lot more scope for acting than the street entertainer option. The play would seem a lot more believable, and would relate to modern day life a lot better, especially with todays audience. Because we have all been one of the queue at one point or another in our life, and this serves as a bitter reminder of that.

SATURATION ANALYSIS OF D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS EXPRESSES IN RECOMBINANT Essay

SATURATION ANALYSIS OF D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS EXPRESSES IN RECOMBINANT CHO CELLS - Essay Example The experiment was successful in the sense that the inhibition constant for [3H]-spiperone at around 0.5 nM corresponded with that quoted in literature available on the subject. The experiment demonstrated that [3H]-spiperone is a very efficacious antagonist of dopaminergic activity in specific relation to receptor subtypes with very specific inhibition capabilities and very low inhibition constant. This may later prove valuable to drug development against disorders like schizophrenia that is caused by excessive dopaminergic activity. The variations in physiologic actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein coupled receptor types (Missale, C., et al, 1998). Kebabian and Calne (1979) distinguished two dopamine receptor types - and - that can be differentiated ‘pharmacologically, biologically, physiologically and by their anatomical distribution’ (Civelli, O., 2000). Since the analysis is on receptors only they are being discussed here. Subsequent cloning of receptors revealed that they belonged to the supergene family of the G-protein coupled receptors (Civelli, O., 2000). The three subtypes belonging to the -like sub-family are the, and ones that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate channels (Missale, C., et al, 1998). The genetic structure of the and vary by tissue types and species’ through alternative splicing. The subtype is highly polymorphic. Since the analysis is on receptor activity on recombinant CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells it is necessary to point out that-like receptor activity in the peripheral regions is evident mostly in the kidney, vasculature and pituitary where they affect sodium homeostasis, vascular tone and hormone secretion (Missale, C., et al, 1998). More specifically the analysis of the gene structure of the subtype reveals that there are six introns in the receptor-coding region. This generates two main variants – the (short) and (long) receptors – in turn

Death penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Death penalty - Research Paper Example Opponents also assert that the practice is overtly costly and racially biased while not realizing the intended outcome. Proponents think it is neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite, they think it fair and just. The objective of this study is to discuss the moral and legal concerns that literally are a life and death issue and is a key barometer when measuring a cultures collective conscience. The ‘eye for an eye’ faction not only accepts but insists that the death penalty be sustained and has supporting rational to back up their argument which will be covered comprehensively in this discussion. It will also take into account the opponents’ reasoning concerning why it should be eliminated along with the legal precedents concerned in an effort to achieve a comprehensive view of the capital punishment debate. Legal speaking, capital punishment is not unusual, by definition, unless one acknowledges the racial bias that exists throughout the justice system. The law cannot define whether it is cruel or not. Cruelty can be defined only by the collective social conscious of a society. The legal interpretation of the combined ‘cruel and unusual’ is open to debate, to some extent but the general usage of the word ‘cruel’ refers to vicious punishments that cause extreme pain. Most legal scholars agree that punishments that include body dismemberment or torture are unquestionably classified as cruel. The term torture was evidently open for debate during the past decade but the word means essentially the same universally; causing unwanted physical or mental anguish. The word ‘unusual’ is normally understood to mean going beyond what is an equitable application of punishment for an offense. For instance, if ten people were ticketed for a traffic violation and judge fined nine of them $150 but one was charged $1500, this punishment would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together in the phrase, †˜prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment’ signifies that the penalty should be apportioned equitably according to the specific offense committed. A ‘life’ prison sentence is an acceptable punishment but not if this punishment was imposed for jaywalking, that would be an obviously unacceptable sentence imposition because it is considered excessive and extreme given the nature of the offense. Excessive is a term that is also open to broad interpretation in both the legal and public realm. Some would contend, for example, that any amount of time imposed for ‘crimes’ such as the possession of drugs, prostitution and gambling should be interpreted as excessive consequently ‘unusual.’ The Supreme Court has on many occasions judged the merits of the death penalty and this action is interpreted as punishment which is cruel and unusual by the Constitution. The Court has consistently ruled the language of the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit t he death sentence as punishment. The Constitution was meant to be and is a malleable document, however. The judicial interpretation of the Eighth Amendment has evolved to some extent throughout the years. Therefore the Court could potentially reverse this standpoint at a future time as result of changing societal values. For instance, whipping convicted criminals was routine until the late Eighteenth Century. This practice is now considered to be inappropriate because society’s attitude changed to define it as a ‘cruel’ punishment. With respect to capital punishment, however, â€Å"